On July 27, 2024, the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, meeting in New Delhi, India, declared the "Central Axis of Beijing - A Masterpiece of the Ideal Urban Order of China" as a new addition to the World Heritage List. With this addition, China now boasts a total of 59 World Heritage sites. The Central Axis of Beijing, stretching 7.8 kilometers through the heart of the old city, is not only the longest urban axis in the world but also a testament to the city's rich historical evolution since its inception in the 13th century.
The Guardians of Time: Bell Tower and Drum Tower
At the northern end of this axis stand two iconic structures: the Bell Tower and the Drum Tower, towering shoulder to shoulder as timeless guardians of Beijing's history. Constructed during the Ming Dynasty when Emperor Yongle relocated the capital to Beijing, these towers served as the northern anchor of the city's axis. The Bell and Drum Towers were more than mere architectural feats; they were central to the city's daily rhythm, announcing the time to citizens and officials alike, ensuring the harmonious flow of daily activities.
The Drum Tower, standing at 46.7 meters, retains its Ming Dynasty architectural essence. Built on a four-meter-high brick and stone foundation, the Drum Tower's steep 69 steps lead to a two-story structure adorned with grey tiles and green-glazed eaves. From its upper levels, one can gaze upon the historic panorama of old Beijing, capturing the essence of "red walls and yellow tiles of the old imperial city" and the distinctive grey brick and tile courtyards.
In contrast, the Bell Tower, rebuilt in 1745 to prevent fire hazards, reaches 47.9 meters. Its robust brick and stone structure was designed to house the massive bronze bell, ensuring its sound resonated far and wide. The tower's ingenious design includes a cross-shaped internal sound chamber that amplifies the bell's deep tones, creating an auditory experience that once echoed across the entire city.
The Drum Tower's robust wooden structure, complemented by its impressive height, made it a prominent feature of Beijing's skyline. Its strategic renovations over centuries, notably in 1539, 1800, and 1894, have preserved its historical integrity. Meanwhile, the Bell Tower, initially home to a massive iron bell and later replaced by an even larger bronze bell, represents the pinnacle of ancient Chinese metallurgy and architectural prowess.
The bronze bell, crafted during the Yongle era, stands as the "King of Ancient Bells" with its impressive dimensions of 7.02 meters in height and weighing 63 tons. The bell's unique alloy composition and precise casting techniques allowed its sound to travel nearly 10 kilometers, a feat that astonished ancient and modern observers alike.
From Imperial Symbol to Public Space
Following its historical role as a timekeeper, the Bell and Drum Towers transitioned into symbols of public education and culture. After ceasing their timekeeping function in 1924, these towers opened to the public, becoming the Beijing Popular Education Hall in 1925. This transformation was spearheaded by Xue Dubi, who recognized the need for a venue to address the city's high illiteracy rates despite its cultural prominence.
The education hall featured lecture halls, libraries, and exhibition spaces, all aimed at educating the masses. The lecture hall alone could accommodate over 600 people, surrounded by educational paintings, maps, and portraits of global educators, turning every visit into an enlightening experience. The outdoor spaces were equally vibrant, hosting athletic fields, educational displays, and even a cinema, making the Bell and Drum Towers a hub of public life and learning.
The area surrounding the Bell and Drum Towers has long been a bustling commercial center. During the Yuan Dynasty, this region flourished due to its proximity to the Grand Canal's terminus at Jishuitan, attracting traders and goods from across the country and beyond. The vibrant markets sold everything from rice and silks to exotic furs and precious jewels, establishing the area as a commercial powerhouse.
Even in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Drum Tower front remained a commercial hotspot, with numerous shops, restaurants, and entertainment venues. The area's significance persisted into the Republic era, evolving into a space for both commerce and community, hosting markets, theaters, and public gatherings.
A Living Legacy
Today, the recognition of Beijing's Central Axis as a World Heritage site highlights the enduring legacy of these historical landmarks. The Bell and Drum Towers not only represent architectural and cultural achievements but also embody the spirit of Beijing's evolution from an imperial capital to a modern metropolis. As we celebrate this new chapter, these towers stand as proud symbols of Beijing's rich history and vibrant future, continuing to inspire and educate generations to come.
The journey of the Bell and Drum Towers, from their imperial origins to their role as educational and cultural hubs, encapsulates the dynamic spirit of Beijing. This newly recognized World Heritage site serves as a bridge between the past and the present, a testament to the city's enduring legacy and its ongoing story.
